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added speed historical data to architecture

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Tiziano Zito 2024-08-13 13:26:15 +02:00
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18
architecture/README.md
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@ -99,4 +99,22 @@ My Laptop:
- 2× Thunderbolt: 2.5 GT/s (≈ 1 GB/s) and 16 GT/s (≈ 8 GB/s) - 2× Thunderbolt: 2.5 GT/s (≈ 1 GB/s) and 16 GT/s (≈ 8 GB/s)
- GPU Intel Iris, Internal clock 300 Mhz-1.30 GHz, memory 4 GB/2.1 GHz with a bandwidth of 68 GB/s - GPU Intel Iris, Internal clock 300 Mhz-1.30 GHz, memory 4 GB/2.1 GHz with a bandwidth of 68 GB/s
## Historical evolution of speed of different components in a computer
(data source: Wikipedia)
### CPU Clock Rate
![](cpu_clock_rate.svg)
### Memory (RAM) Clock Cycle Time
![](memory_clock.svg)
### Memory (RAM) Bandwidth
![](memory_bandwidth.svg)
### Memory (RAM) Latency
![](memory_latency.svg)
### Storage Read Speed
![](storage.svg)

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architecture/cpu_clock_rate.csv Normal file
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1969,1 MHz
1971,740 kHz
1972,200 kHz
1972,400 kHz
1972,500 kHz
1973,1 MHz
1973,2 MHz
1973,715 kHz
1974,1.33 MHz
1974,1.4 MHz
1974,1 MHz
1974,2 MHz
1974,400 kHz
1974,500 kHz
1974,715 kHz
1974,740 kHz
1975,1.2 MHz
1975,10 MHz
1975,1 MHz
1975,256 kHz
1975,2 MHz
1975,3.3 MHz
1975,4 MHz
1976,2.5 MHz
1976,3.3 MHz
1976,6.4 MHz
1976,8 MHz
1977,1.0 MHz
1977,2.0 MHz
1977,3.0 MHz
1978,1 MHz
1978,5 MHz
1979,5 MHz
1979,8 MHz
1981,10 MHz
1981,2.5 MHz
1982,18 MHz
1982,1 MHz
1982,6 MHz
1982,8 MHz
1983,2 MHz
1983,3 MHz
1984,16 MHz
1984,5 MHz
1985,12 MHz
1985,5 MHz
1985,8 MHz
1986,15 MHz
1986,16 MHz
1987,10 MHz
1987,12.5 MHz
1987,16 MHz
1987,20 MHz
1987,8 MHz
1988,10 MHz
1988,12 MHz
1988,25 MHz
1989,16-33 MHz
1989,25 MHz
1989,35 MHz
1990,20-30 MHz
1990,40 MHz
1991,100 MHz
1991,33 MHz
1991,62.5-90.91 MHz
1992,100 MHz
1992,100-200 MHz
1992,20 MHz
1992,40 MHz
1992,40-50 MHz
1993,120 MHz
1993,50-80 MHz
1993,55-71.5 MHz
1993,60-66 MHz
1994,100 MHz
1994,100-125 MHz
1994,100-180 MHz
1994,125 MHz
1994,200-300 MHz
1994,50 MHz
1994,60-120 MHz
1994,60-125 MHz
1995,101-118 MHz
1995,143-167 MHz
1995,150-200 MHz
1995,266-333 MHz
1996,141-161 MHz
1996,150 MHz
1996,150-250 MHz
1996,160-180 MHz
1996,180-250 MHz
1996,400-500 MHz
1996,75-100 MHz
1997,120-150 MHz
1997,125 MHz
1997,166-233 MHz
1997,200 MHz
1997,233-300 MHz
1997,233-366 MHz
1997,250-400 MHz
1997,370 MHz
1998,200 MHz
1998,250-300 MHz
1998,250-330 MHz
1998,262 MHz
1998,270-400 MHz
1998,300-440 MHz
1998,450-600 MHz
1998,500 MHz
1999,294-300 MHz
1999,350-500 MHz
1999,450 MHz
1999,450-600 MHz
1999,500-1000 MHz
1999,550-637 MHz
2000,1.33-1.73 GHz
2000,1.3-2 GHz
2000,450-810 MHz
2000,550 MHz-1.3 GHz
2000,600-750 MHz
2000,918 MHz
2001,1.1-1.4 GHz
2001,500-600 MHz
2001,733-800 MHz
2001,750-1200 MHz
2002,0.9-1 GHz
2002,1.1-1.35 GHz
2003,0.9-1.7 GHz
2003,1.4-2.4 GHz
2003,1.6-2.0 GHz
2004,1.65-1.9 GHz
2004,700 MHz
2005,1.05-1.35 GHz
2005,1.2-2.5 GHz
2005,1.6-3.0 GHz
2005,1-1.4 GHz
2005,2.8-3.2 GHz
2005,2-2.4 GHz
2005,3.2 GHz
2006,1.06-2.67 GHz
2006,1.1-2.33 GHz
2006,1.4-1.6 GHz
2006,3.2-4.6 GHz
2007,1.8-3.2 GHz
2007,1-1.4 GHz
2007,2.15-2.4 GHz
2007,3.5-4.7 GHz
2007,600-900 MHz
2007,850 MHz
2008,0.8-1.6 GHz
2008,1.8-2.6 GHz
2008,2.3-2.9 GHz
2008,2.4-2.88 GHz
2008,2.66-3.2 GHz
2008,2.8-4.0 GHz
2008,4.4 GHz
2008,600-866 MHz
2009,2.2-2.8 GHz
2009,2.5-3.2 GHz
2010,1.6 GHz
2010,1.73-2.66 GHz
2010,1.7-2.4 GHz
2010,1.86-3.33 GHz
2010,2.66-3.0 GHz
2010,2 GHz
2010,3.8-5.2 GHz
2010,3-4.14 GHz
2011,1.0-1.6 GHz
2011,1.6 GHz
2011,1.6-3.4 GHz
2011,1.73-2.67 GHz
2011,2.0 GHz
2011,2.8-3 GHz
2011,3.1-3.6 GHz
2012,1.73-2.53 GHz
2012,1.848 GHz
2012,3.1-5.3 GHz
2012,5.5 GHz
2013,1.9-4.4 GHz
2013,2.8-3 GHz
2013,3.6 GHz
2014,1.8-4 GHz
2014,2.5-5 GHz
2015,3.6 GHz
2015,5 GHz
2016,320 MHz
2017,1.5 GHz
2017,3.2-4.1 GHz
2017,4 GHz
2017,5.2 GHz
2017,5 GHz
2018,1.5 GHz
2018,2.2-3.2 GHz
2018,2.8-3.7 GHz
2019,2-4.7 GHz
2019,5.2 GHz
2020,3.2 GHz
2020,3.4-4.9 GHz
2021,3.2 GHz
2022,3.2 GHz
2022,5 GHz
1 1969 1 MHz
2 1971 740 kHz
3 1972 200 kHz
4 1972 400 kHz
5 1972 500 kHz
6 1973 1 MHz
7 1973 2 MHz
8 1973 715 kHz
9 1974 1.33 MHz
10 1974 1.4 MHz
11 1974 1 MHz
12 1974 2 MHz
13 1974 400 kHz
14 1974 500 kHz
15 1974 715 kHz
16 1974 740 kHz
17 1975 1.2 MHz
18 1975 10 MHz
19 1975 1 MHz
20 1975 256 kHz
21 1975 2 MHz
22 1975 3.3 MHz
23 1975 4 MHz
24 1976 2.5 MHz
25 1976 3.3 MHz
26 1976 6.4 MHz
27 1976 8 MHz
28 1977 1.0 MHz
29 1977 2.0 MHz
30 1977 3.0 MHz
31 1978 1 MHz
32 1978 5 MHz
33 1979 5 MHz
34 1979 8 MHz
35 1981 10 MHz
36 1981 2.5 MHz
37 1982 18 MHz
38 1982 1 MHz
39 1982 6 MHz
40 1982 8 MHz
41 1983 2 MHz
42 1983 3 MHz
43 1984 16 MHz
44 1984 5 MHz
45 1985 12 MHz
46 1985 5 MHz
47 1985 8 MHz
48 1986 15 MHz
49 1986 16 MHz
50 1987 10 MHz
51 1987 12.5 MHz
52 1987 16 MHz
53 1987 20 MHz
54 1987 8 MHz
55 1988 10 MHz
56 1988 12 MHz
57 1988 25 MHz
58 1989 16-33 MHz
59 1989 25 MHz
60 1989 35 MHz
61 1990 20-30 MHz
62 1990 40 MHz
63 1991 100 MHz
64 1991 33 MHz
65 1991 62.5-90.91 MHz
66 1992 100 MHz
67 1992 100-200 MHz
68 1992 20 MHz
69 1992 40 MHz
70 1992 40-50 MHz
71 1993 120 MHz
72 1993 50-80 MHz
73 1993 55-71.5 MHz
74 1993 60-66 MHz
75 1994 100 MHz
76 1994 100-125 MHz
77 1994 100-180 MHz
78 1994 125 MHz
79 1994 200-300 MHz
80 1994 50 MHz
81 1994 60-120 MHz
82 1994 60-125 MHz
83 1995 101-118 MHz
84 1995 143-167 MHz
85 1995 150-200 MHz
86 1995 266-333 MHz
87 1996 141-161 MHz
88 1996 150 MHz
89 1996 150-250 MHz
90 1996 160-180 MHz
91 1996 180-250 MHz
92 1996 400-500 MHz
93 1996 75-100 MHz
94 1997 120-150 MHz
95 1997 125 MHz
96 1997 166-233 MHz
97 1997 200 MHz
98 1997 233-300 MHz
99 1997 233-366 MHz
100 1997 250-400 MHz
101 1997 370 MHz
102 1998 200 MHz
103 1998 250-300 MHz
104 1998 250-330 MHz
105 1998 262 MHz
106 1998 270-400 MHz
107 1998 300-440 MHz
108 1998 450-600 MHz
109 1998 500 MHz
110 1999 294-300 MHz
111 1999 350-500 MHz
112 1999 450 MHz
113 1999 450-600 MHz
114 1999 500-1000 MHz
115 1999 550-637 MHz
116 2000 1.33-1.73 GHz
117 2000 1.3-2 GHz
118 2000 450-810 MHz
119 2000 550 MHz-1.3 GHz
120 2000 600-750 MHz
121 2000 918 MHz
122 2001 1.1-1.4 GHz
123 2001 500-600 MHz
124 2001 733-800 MHz
125 2001 750-1200 MHz
126 2002 0.9-1 GHz
127 2002 1.1-1.35 GHz
128 2003 0.9-1.7 GHz
129 2003 1.4-2.4 GHz
130 2003 1.6-2.0 GHz
131 2004 1.65-1.9 GHz
132 2004 700 MHz
133 2005 1.05-1.35 GHz
134 2005 1.2-2.5 GHz
135 2005 1.6-3.0 GHz
136 2005 1-1.4 GHz
137 2005 2.8-3.2 GHz
138 2005 2-2.4 GHz
139 2005 3.2 GHz
140 2006 1.06-2.67 GHz
141 2006 1.1-2.33 GHz
142 2006 1.4-1.6 GHz
143 2006 3.2-4.6 GHz
144 2007 1.8-3.2 GHz
145 2007 1-1.4 GHz
146 2007 2.15-2.4 GHz
147 2007 3.5-4.7 GHz
148 2007 600-900 MHz
149 2007 850 MHz
150 2008 0.8-1.6 GHz
151 2008 1.8-2.6 GHz
152 2008 2.3-2.9 GHz
153 2008 2.4-2.88 GHz
154 2008 2.66-3.2 GHz
155 2008 2.8-4.0 GHz
156 2008 4.4 GHz
157 2008 600-866 MHz
158 2009 2.2-2.8 GHz
159 2009 2.5-3.2 GHz
160 2010 1.6 GHz
161 2010 1.73-2.66 GHz
162 2010 1.7-2.4 GHz
163 2010 1.86-3.33 GHz
164 2010 2.66-3.0 GHz
165 2010 2 GHz
166 2010 3.8-5.2 GHz
167 2010 3-4.14 GHz
168 2011 1.0-1.6 GHz
169 2011 1.6 GHz
170 2011 1.6-3.4 GHz
171 2011 1.73-2.67 GHz
172 2011 2.0 GHz
173 2011 2.8-3 GHz
174 2011 3.1-3.6 GHz
175 2012 1.73-2.53 GHz
176 2012 1.848 GHz
177 2012 3.1-5.3 GHz
178 2012 5.5 GHz
179 2013 1.9-4.4 GHz
180 2013 2.8-3 GHz
181 2013 3.6 GHz
182 2014 1.8-4 GHz
183 2014 2.5-5 GHz
184 2015 3.6 GHz
185 2015 5 GHz
186 2016 320 MHz
187 2017 1.5 GHz
188 2017 3.2-4.1 GHz
189 2017 4 GHz
190 2017 5.2 GHz
191 2017 5 GHz
192 2018 1.5 GHz
193 2018 2.2-3.2 GHz
194 2018 2.8-3.7 GHz
195 2019 2-4.7 GHz
196 2019 5.2 GHz
197 2020 3.2 GHz
198 2020 3.4-4.9 GHz
199 2021 3.2 GHz
200 2022 3.2 GHz
201 2022 5 GHz

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architecture/cpu_clock_rate.py Normal file
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# CPU clock rate data from Wikipedia
# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor_chronology
# Table data extracted with: https://wikitable2csv.ggor.de/
import numpy as np
import matplotlib
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
plt.style.use('ggplot')
matplotlib.rcParams['font.size'] = 12
matplotlib.rcParams['font.family'] = ['Exo 2', 'sans-serif']
data = open('cpu_clock_rate.csv', 'rt')
# first, remove units and rescale everything to MHz
rescaled = []
for line in data:
date, raw = line.split(',')
try:
value, unit = raw.split()
except ValueError:
# there are lines with multiple units, for example
# 550 MHz-1.3 GHz
# take the left most one
raw = raw.split('-')[1]
value, unit = raw.split()
# if value is in the form X-Y, just use the biggest, i.e. Y
if '-' in value:
value = value.split('-')[1]
value = float(value)
# rescale value
if unit == 'kHz':
value = value/1000
elif unit == 'GHz':
value = value*1000
elif unit == 'MHz':
pass
else:
raise ValueError(f'Unit not understood! {unit}')
rescaled.append((date, value))
dtype = [('year', np.float64), ('clock', np.float64)]
rescaled = np.array(rescaled, dtype=dtype)
# sort first by year and then by value
rescaled.sort(order=['year', 'clock'])
# add some jitter on values corresponding to the same year, so that the plot
# looks more understandable
old_year = rescaled[0][0]
count = 0
for row in range(rescaled.shape[0]):
year = rescaled[row][0]
count += 1
if year != old_year:
# add jitter to the values corresponding to the previous year
prev_count = count-1
if prev_count > 1:
jitter = 1/prev_count
for i in range(1, count):
loc_year, loc_value = rescaled[row-count+i]
rescaled[row-count+i] = (loc_year+(jitter*(i-1)), loc_value)
# restart counting
count = 1
old_year = year
# plot the thing
plt.figure(figsize=(8.5,7.5))
plt.semilogy(rescaled['year'], rescaled['clock'], 'o')
# my laptop here
plt.semilogy([2020], [4900], 'o')
plt.grid(None)
plt.grid(which='both', axis='both')
plt.ylim(0.1, 10000)
plt.xlim(1968, 2025)
years = np.arange(1970, 2025, 5)
plt.xticks(years, years)
plt.yticks([0.1, 1,10,100,1000, 10000], ['1 kHz\n1 ms', '1 MHz\n1 µs', '10 MHz\n100 ns',
'100 MHz\n10 ns', '1 GHz\n1 ns', '10 GHz\n0.1 ns'])
plt.tick_params(labelright=True, top=True, right=True)
plt.title('CPU clock rate')
plt.savefig('cpu_clock_rate.svg')

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Generation,Type,Data rate (MT/s),Transfer time (ns),Command rate (MHz),Cycle time (ns),CAS latency,First word (ns),Fourth word (ns),Eighth word (ns)
SDRAM,PC100,100,10.000,100,10.000,2,20.00,50.00,90.00
SDRAM,PC133,133,7.500,133,7.500,3,22.50,45.00,75.00
DDR SDRAM,DDR-333,333,3.000,166,6.000,2.5,15.00,24.00,36.00
DDR SDRAM,DDR-400,400,2.500,200,5.000,3,15.00,22.50,32.50
DDR SDRAM,DDR-400,400,2.500,200,5.000,2.5,12.50,20.00,30.00
DDR SDRAM,DDR-400,400,2.500,200,5.000,2,10.00,17.50,27.50
DDR2 SDRAM,DDR2-400,400,2.500,200,5.000,4,20.00,27.50,37.50
DDR2 SDRAM,DDR2-400,400,2.500,200,5.000,3,15.00,22.50,32.50
DDR2 SDRAM,DDR2-533,533,1.875,266,3.750,4,15.00,20.63,28.13
DDR2 SDRAM,DDR2-533,533,1.875,266,3.750,3,11.25,16.88,24.38
DDR2 SDRAM,DDR2-667,667,1.500,333,3.000,5,15.00,19.50,25.50
DDR2 SDRAM,DDR2-667,667,1.500,333,3.000,4,12.00,16.50,22.50
DDR2 SDRAM,DDR2-800,800,1.250,400,2.500,6,15.00,18.75,23.75
DDR2 SDRAM,DDR2-800,800,1.250,400,2.500,5,12.50,16.25,21.25
DDR2 SDRAM,DDR2-800,800,1.250,400,2.500,4.5,11.25,15.00,20.00
DDR2 SDRAM,DDR2-800,800,1.250,400,2.500,4,10.00,13.75,18.75
DDR2 SDRAM,DDR2-1066,1066,0.938,533,1.875,7,13.13,15.94,19.69
DDR2 SDRAM,DDR2-1066,1066,0.938,533,1.875,6,11.25,14.06,17.81
DDR2 SDRAM,DDR2-1066,1066,0.938,533,1.875,5,9.38,12.19,15.94
DDR2 SDRAM,DDR2-1066,1066,0.938,533,1.875,4.5,8.44,11.25,15.00
DDR2 SDRAM,DDR2-1066,1066,0.938,533,1.875,4,7.50,10.31,14.06
DDR3 SDRAM,DDR3-1066,1066,0.938,533,1.875,7,13.13,15.94,19.69
DDR3 SDRAM,DDR3-1333,1333,0.750,666,1.500,9,13.50,15.75,18.75
DDR3 SDRAM,DDR3-1333,1333,0.750,666,1.500,7,10.50,12.75,15.75
DDR3 SDRAM,DDR3-1333,1333,0.750,666,1.500,6,9.00,11.25,14.25
DDR3 SDRAM,DDR3-1375,1375,0.727,687,1.455,5,7.27,9.45,12.36
DDR3 SDRAM,DDR3-1600,1600,0.625,800,1.250,11,13.75,15.63,18.13
DDR3 SDRAM,DDR3-1600,1600,0.625,800,1.250,10,12.50,14.38,16.88
DDR3 SDRAM,DDR3-1600,1600,0.625,800,1.250,9,11.25,13.13,15.63
DDR3 SDRAM,DDR3-1600,1600,0.625,800,1.250,8,10.00,11.88,14.38
DDR3 SDRAM,DDR3-1600,1600,0.625,800,1.250,7,8.75,10.63,13.13
DDR3 SDRAM,DDR3-1600,1600,0.625,800,1.250,6,7.50,9.38,11.88
DDR3 SDRAM,DDR3-1866,1866,0.536,933,1.071,10,10.71,12.32,14.46
DDR3 SDRAM,DDR3-1866,1866,0.536,933,1.071,9,9.64,11.25,13.39
DDR3 SDRAM,DDR3-1866,1866,0.536,933,1.071,8,8.57,10.18,12.32
DDR3 SDRAM,DDR3-2000,2000,0.500,1000,1.000,9,9.00,10.50,12.50
DDR3 SDRAM,DDR3-2133,2133,0.469,1066,0.938,12,11.25,12.66,14.53
DDR3 SDRAM,DDR3-2133,2133,0.469,1066,0.938,11,10.31,11.72,13.59
DDR3 SDRAM,DDR3-2133,2133,0.469,1066,0.938,10,9.38,10.78,12.66
DDR3 SDRAM,DDR3-2133,2133,0.469,1066,0.938,9,8.44,9.84,11.72
DDR3 SDRAM,DDR3-2133,2133,0.469,1066,0.938,8,7.50,8.91,10.78
DDR3 SDRAM,DDR3-2133,2133,0.469,1066,0.938,7,6.56,7.97,9.84
DDR3 SDRAM,DDR3-2200,2200,0.455,1100,0.909,7,6.36,7.73,9.55
DDR3 SDRAM,DDR3-2400,2400,0.417,1200,0.833,13,10.83,12.08,13.75
DDR3 SDRAM,DDR3-2400,2400,0.417,1200,0.833,12,10.00,11.25,12.92
DDR3 SDRAM,DDR3-2400,2400,0.417,1200,0.833,11,9.17,10.42,12.08
DDR3 SDRAM,DDR3-2400,2400,0.417,1200,0.833,10,8.33,9.58,11.25
DDR3 SDRAM,DDR3-2400,2400,0.417,1200,0.833,9,7.50,8.75,10.42
DDR3 SDRAM,DDR3-2600,2600,0.385,1300,0.769,11,8.46,9.62,11.15
DDR3 SDRAM,DDR3-2666,2666,0.375,1333,0.750,15,11.25,12.38,13.88
DDR3 SDRAM,DDR3-2666,2666,0.375,1333,0.750,13,9.75,10.88,12.38
DDR3 SDRAM,DDR3-2666,2666,0.375,1333,0.750,12,9.00,10.13,11.63
DDR3 SDRAM,DDR3-2666,2666,0.375,1333,0.750,11,8.25,9.38,10.88
DDR3 SDRAM,DDR3-2800,2800,0.357,1400,0.714,16,11.43,12.50,13.93
DDR3 SDRAM,DDR3-2800,2800,0.357,1400,0.714,12,8.57,9.64,11.07
DDR3 SDRAM,DDR3-2800,2800,0.357,1400,0.714,11,7.86,8.93,10.36
DDR3 SDRAM,DDR3-2933,2933,0.341,1466,0.682,12,8.18,9.20,10.57
DDR3 SDRAM,DDR3-3000,3000,0.333,1500,0.667,12,8.00,9.00,10.33
DDR3 SDRAM,DDR3-3100,3100,0.323,1550,0.645,12,7.74,8.71,10.00
DDR3 SDRAM,DDR3-3200,3200,0.313,1600,0.625,16,10.00,10.94,12.19
DDR3 SDRAM,DDR3-3300,3300,0.303,1650,0.606,16,9.70,10.61,11.82
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-1600,1600,0.625,800,1.250,12,15.00,16.88,19.38
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-1600,1600,0.625,800,1.250,11,13.75,15.63,18.13
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-1600,1600,0.625,800,1.250,10,12.50,14.38,16.88
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-1866,1866,0.536,933,1.071,14,15.00,16.61,18.75
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-1866,1866,0.536,933,1.071,13,13.93,15.54,17.68
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-1866,1866,0.536,933,1.071,12,12.86,14.46,16.61
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-2133,2133,0.469,1066,0.938,16,15.00,16.41,18.28
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-2133,2133,0.469,1066,0.938,15,14.06,15.47,17.34
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-2133,2133,0.469,1066,0.938,14,13.13,14.53,16.41
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-2400,2400,0.417,1200,0.833,17,14.17,15.42,17.08
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-2400,2400,0.417,1200,0.833,16,13.33,14.58,16.25
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-2400,2400,0.417,1200,0.833,15,12.50,13.75,15.42
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-2666,2666,0.375,1333,0.750,19,14.25,15.38,16.88
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-2666,2666,0.375,1333,0.750,17,12.75,13.88,15.38
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-2666,2666,0.375,1333,0.750,16,12.00,13.13,14.63
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-2666,2666,0.375,1333,0.750,15,11.25,12.38,13.88
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-2666,2666,0.375,1333,0.750,13,9.75,10.88,12.38
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-2800,2800,0.357,1400,0.714,17,12.14,13.21,14.64
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-2800,2800,0.357,1400,0.714,16,11.43,12.50,13.93
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-2800,2800,0.357,1400,0.714,15,10.71,11.79,13.21
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-2800,2800,0.357,1400,0.714,14,10.00,11.07,12.50
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-3000,3000,0.333,1500,0.667,17,11.33,12.33,13.67
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-3000,3000,0.333,1500,0.667,16,10.67,11.67,13.00
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-3000,3000,0.333,1500,0.667,15,10.00,11.00,12.33
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-3000,3000,0.333,1500,0.667,14,9.33,10.33,11.67
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-3200,3200,0.313,1600,0.625,16,10.00,10.94,12.19
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-3200,3200,0.313,1600,0.625,15,9.38,10.31,11.56
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-3200,3200,0.313,1600,0.625,14,8.75,9.69,10.94
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-3300,3300,0.303,1650,0.606,16,9.70,10.61,11.82
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-3333,3333,0.300,1666,0.600,16,9.60,10.50,11.70
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-3400,3400,0.294,1700,0.588,16,9.41,10.29,11.47
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-3466,3466,0.288,1733,0.577,18,10.38,11.25,12.40
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-3466,3466,0.288,1733,0.577,17,9.81,10.67,11.83
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-3466,3466,0.288,1733,0.577,16,9.23,10.10,11.25
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-3600,3600,0.278,1800,0.556,19,10.56,11.39,12.50
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-3600,3600,0.278,1800,0.556,18,10.00,10.83,11.94
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-3600,3600,0.278,1800,0.556,17,9.44,10.28,11.39
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-3600,3600,0.278,1800,0.556,16,8.89,9.72,10.83
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-3600,3600,0.278,1800,0.556,15,8.33,9.17,10.28
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-3600,3600,0.278,1800,0.556,14,7.78,8.61,9.72
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-3733,3733,0.268,1866,0.536,17,9.11,9.91,10.98
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-3866,3866,0.259,1933,0.517,18,9.31,10.09,11.12
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-4000,4000,0.250,2000,0.500,19,9.50,10.25,11.25
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-4000,4000,0.250,2000,0.500,18,9.00,9.75,10.75
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-4000,4000,0.250,2000,0.500,17,8.50,9.25,10.25
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-4000,4000,0.250,2000,0.500,16,8.00,8.75,9.75
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-4133,4133,0.242,2066,0.484,19,9.19,9.92,10.89
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-4200,4200,0.238,2100,0.476,19,9.05,9.76,10.71
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-4266,4266,0.234,2133,0.469,19,8.91,9.61,10.55
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-4266,4266,0.234,2133,0.469,18,8.44,9.14,10.08
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-4266,4266,0.234,2133,0.469,17,7.97,8.67,9.61
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-4266,4266,0.234,2133,0.469,16,7.50,8.20,9.14
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-4400,4400,0.227,2200,0.454,19,8.64,9.32,10.23
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-4400,4400,0.227,2200,0.454,18,8.18,8.86,9.77
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-4400,4400,0.227,2200,0.454,17,7.73,8.41,9.32
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-4600,4600,0.217,2300,0.435,19,8.26,8.91,9.78
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-4600,4600,0.217,2300,0.435,18,7.82,8.48,9.35
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-4800,4800,0.208,2400,0.417,20,8.33,8.96,9.79
DDR4 SDRAM,DDR4-4800,4800,0.208,2400,0.417,19,7.92,8.54,9.38
DDR5 SDRAM,DDR5-4800,4800,0.208,2400,0.417,40,16.67,17.29,18.13
DDR5 SDRAM,DDR5-4800,4800,0.208,2400,0.417,38,15.83,16.46,17.29
DDR5 SDRAM,DDR5-4800,4800,0.208,2400,0.417,36,15.00,15.63,16.46
DDR5 SDRAM,DDR5-4800,4800,0.208,2400,0.417,34,14.17,14.79,15.63
DDR5 SDRAM,DDR5-5200,5200,0.192,2600,0.385,40,15.38,15.96,16.73
DDR5 SDRAM,DDR5-5200,5200,0.192,2600,0.385,38,14.62,15.19,15.96
DDR5 SDRAM,DDR5-5200,5200,0.192,2600,0.385,36,13.85,14.42,15.19
DDR5 SDRAM,DDR5-5200,5200,0.192,2600,0.385,34,13.08,13.65,14.42
DDR5 SDRAM,DDR5-5600,5600,0.179,2800,0.357,40,14.29,14.82,15.54
DDR5 SDRAM,DDR5-5600,5600,0.179,2800,0.357,38,13.57,14.11,14.82
DDR5 SDRAM,DDR5-5600,5600,0.179,2800,0.357,36,12.86,13.39,14.11
DDR5 SDRAM,DDR5-5600,5600,0.179,2800,0.357,34,12.14,12.68,13.39
DDR5 SDRAM,DDR5-5600,5600,0.179,2800,0.357,30,10.71,11.25,11.96
DDR5 SDRAM,DDR5-6000,6000,0.167,3000,0.333,40,13.33,13.83,14.50
DDR5 SDRAM,DDR5-6000,6000,0.167,3000,0.333,38,12.67,13.17,13.83
DDR5 SDRAM,DDR5-6000,6000,0.167,3000,0.333,36,12.00,12.50,13.17
DDR5 SDRAM,DDR5-6000,6000,0.167,3000,0.333,32,10.67,11.17,11.83
DDR5 SDRAM,DDR5-6000,6000,0.167,3000,0.333,30,10.00,10.50,11.17
DDR5 SDRAM,DDR5-6200,6200,0.161,3100,0.323,40,12.90,13.39,14.03
DDR5 SDRAM,DDR5-6200,6200,0.161,3100,0.323,38,12.26,12.74,13.39
DDR5 SDRAM,DDR5-6200,6200,0.161,3100,0.323,36,11.61,12.10,12.74
DDR5 SDRAM,DDR5-6400,6400,0.156,3200,0.313,40,12.50,12.97,13.59
DDR5 SDRAM,DDR5-6400,6400,0.156,3200,0.313,38,11.88,12.34,12.97
DDR5 SDRAM,DDR5-6400,6400,0.156,3200,0.313,36,11.25,11.72,12.34
DDR5 SDRAM,DDR5-6400,6400,0.156,3200,0.313,34,10.63,11.09,11.72
DDR5 SDRAM,DDR5-6400,6400,0.156,3200,0.313,32,10.00,10.47,11.09
DDR5 SDRAM,DDR5-6600,6600,0.152,3300,0.303,34,10.30,10.76,11.36
1 Generation Type Data rate (MT/s) Transfer time (ns) Command rate (MHz) Cycle time (ns) CAS latency First word (ns) Fourth word (ns) Eighth word (ns)
2 SDRAM PC100 100 10.000 100 10.000 2 20.00 50.00 90.00
3 SDRAM PC133 133 7.500 133 7.500 3 22.50 45.00 75.00
4 DDR SDRAM DDR-333 333 3.000 166 6.000 2.5 15.00 24.00 36.00
5 DDR SDRAM DDR-400 400 2.500 200 5.000 3 15.00 22.50 32.50
6 DDR SDRAM DDR-400 400 2.500 200 5.000 2.5 12.50 20.00 30.00
7 DDR SDRAM DDR-400 400 2.500 200 5.000 2 10.00 17.50 27.50
8 DDR2 SDRAM DDR2-400 400 2.500 200 5.000 4 20.00 27.50 37.50
9 DDR2 SDRAM DDR2-400 400 2.500 200 5.000 3 15.00 22.50 32.50
10 DDR2 SDRAM DDR2-533 533 1.875 266 3.750 4 15.00 20.63 28.13
11 DDR2 SDRAM DDR2-533 533 1.875 266 3.750 3 11.25 16.88 24.38
12 DDR2 SDRAM DDR2-667 667 1.500 333 3.000 5 15.00 19.50 25.50
13 DDR2 SDRAM DDR2-667 667 1.500 333 3.000 4 12.00 16.50 22.50
14 DDR2 SDRAM DDR2-800 800 1.250 400 2.500 6 15.00 18.75 23.75
15 DDR2 SDRAM DDR2-800 800 1.250 400 2.500 5 12.50 16.25 21.25
16 DDR2 SDRAM DDR2-800 800 1.250 400 2.500 4.5 11.25 15.00 20.00
17 DDR2 SDRAM DDR2-800 800 1.250 400 2.500 4 10.00 13.75 18.75
18 DDR2 SDRAM DDR2-1066 1066 0.938 533 1.875 7 13.13 15.94 19.69
19 DDR2 SDRAM DDR2-1066 1066 0.938 533 1.875 6 11.25 14.06 17.81
20 DDR2 SDRAM DDR2-1066 1066 0.938 533 1.875 5 9.38 12.19 15.94
21 DDR2 SDRAM DDR2-1066 1066 0.938 533 1.875 4.5 8.44 11.25 15.00
22 DDR2 SDRAM DDR2-1066 1066 0.938 533 1.875 4 7.50 10.31 14.06
23 DDR3 SDRAM DDR3-1066 1066 0.938 533 1.875 7 13.13 15.94 19.69
24 DDR3 SDRAM DDR3-1333 1333 0.750 666 1.500 9 13.50 15.75 18.75
25 DDR3 SDRAM DDR3-1333 1333 0.750 666 1.500 7 10.50 12.75 15.75
26 DDR3 SDRAM DDR3-1333 1333 0.750 666 1.500 6 9.00 11.25 14.25
27 DDR3 SDRAM DDR3-1375 1375 0.727 687 1.455 5 7.27 9.45 12.36
28 DDR3 SDRAM DDR3-1600 1600 0.625 800 1.250 11 13.75 15.63 18.13
29 DDR3 SDRAM DDR3-1600 1600 0.625 800 1.250 10 12.50 14.38 16.88
30 DDR3 SDRAM DDR3-1600 1600 0.625 800 1.250 9 11.25 13.13 15.63
31 DDR3 SDRAM DDR3-1600 1600 0.625 800 1.250 8 10.00 11.88 14.38
32 DDR3 SDRAM DDR3-1600 1600 0.625 800 1.250 7 8.75 10.63 13.13
33 DDR3 SDRAM DDR3-1600 1600 0.625 800 1.250 6 7.50 9.38 11.88
34 DDR3 SDRAM DDR3-1866 1866 0.536 933 1.071 10 10.71 12.32 14.46
35 DDR3 SDRAM DDR3-1866 1866 0.536 933 1.071 9 9.64 11.25 13.39
36 DDR3 SDRAM DDR3-1866 1866 0.536 933 1.071 8 8.57 10.18 12.32
37 DDR3 SDRAM DDR3-2000 2000 0.500 1000 1.000 9 9.00 10.50 12.50
38 DDR3 SDRAM DDR3-2133 2133 0.469 1066 0.938 12 11.25 12.66 14.53
39 DDR3 SDRAM DDR3-2133 2133 0.469 1066 0.938 11 10.31 11.72 13.59
40 DDR3 SDRAM DDR3-2133 2133 0.469 1066 0.938 10 9.38 10.78 12.66
41 DDR3 SDRAM DDR3-2133 2133 0.469 1066 0.938 9 8.44 9.84 11.72
42 DDR3 SDRAM DDR3-2133 2133 0.469 1066 0.938 8 7.50 8.91 10.78
43 DDR3 SDRAM DDR3-2133 2133 0.469 1066 0.938 7 6.56 7.97 9.84
44 DDR3 SDRAM DDR3-2200 2200 0.455 1100 0.909 7 6.36 7.73 9.55
45 DDR3 SDRAM DDR3-2400 2400 0.417 1200 0.833 13 10.83 12.08 13.75
46 DDR3 SDRAM DDR3-2400 2400 0.417 1200 0.833 12 10.00 11.25 12.92
47 DDR3 SDRAM DDR3-2400 2400 0.417 1200 0.833 11 9.17 10.42 12.08
48 DDR3 SDRAM DDR3-2400 2400 0.417 1200 0.833 10 8.33 9.58 11.25
49 DDR3 SDRAM DDR3-2400 2400 0.417 1200 0.833 9 7.50 8.75 10.42
50 DDR3 SDRAM DDR3-2600 2600 0.385 1300 0.769 11 8.46 9.62 11.15
51 DDR3 SDRAM DDR3-2666 2666 0.375 1333 0.750 15 11.25 12.38 13.88
52 DDR3 SDRAM DDR3-2666 2666 0.375 1333 0.750 13 9.75 10.88 12.38
53 DDR3 SDRAM DDR3-2666 2666 0.375 1333 0.750 12 9.00 10.13 11.63
54 DDR3 SDRAM DDR3-2666 2666 0.375 1333 0.750 11 8.25 9.38 10.88
55 DDR3 SDRAM DDR3-2800 2800 0.357 1400 0.714 16 11.43 12.50 13.93
56 DDR3 SDRAM DDR3-2800 2800 0.357 1400 0.714 12 8.57 9.64 11.07
57 DDR3 SDRAM DDR3-2800 2800 0.357 1400 0.714 11 7.86 8.93 10.36
58 DDR3 SDRAM DDR3-2933 2933 0.341 1466 0.682 12 8.18 9.20 10.57
59 DDR3 SDRAM DDR3-3000 3000 0.333 1500 0.667 12 8.00 9.00 10.33
60 DDR3 SDRAM DDR3-3100 3100 0.323 1550 0.645 12 7.74 8.71 10.00
61 DDR3 SDRAM DDR3-3200 3200 0.313 1600 0.625 16 10.00 10.94 12.19
62 DDR3 SDRAM DDR3-3300 3300 0.303 1650 0.606 16 9.70 10.61 11.82
63 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-1600 1600 0.625 800 1.250 12 15.00 16.88 19.38
64 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-1600 1600 0.625 800 1.250 11 13.75 15.63 18.13
65 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-1600 1600 0.625 800 1.250 10 12.50 14.38 16.88
66 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-1866 1866 0.536 933 1.071 14 15.00 16.61 18.75
67 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-1866 1866 0.536 933 1.071 13 13.93 15.54 17.68
68 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-1866 1866 0.536 933 1.071 12 12.86 14.46 16.61
69 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-2133 2133 0.469 1066 0.938 16 15.00 16.41 18.28
70 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-2133 2133 0.469 1066 0.938 15 14.06 15.47 17.34
71 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-2133 2133 0.469 1066 0.938 14 13.13 14.53 16.41
72 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-2400 2400 0.417 1200 0.833 17 14.17 15.42 17.08
73 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-2400 2400 0.417 1200 0.833 16 13.33 14.58 16.25
74 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-2400 2400 0.417 1200 0.833 15 12.50 13.75 15.42
75 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-2666 2666 0.375 1333 0.750 19 14.25 15.38 16.88
76 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-2666 2666 0.375 1333 0.750 17 12.75 13.88 15.38
77 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-2666 2666 0.375 1333 0.750 16 12.00 13.13 14.63
78 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-2666 2666 0.375 1333 0.750 15 11.25 12.38 13.88
79 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-2666 2666 0.375 1333 0.750 13 9.75 10.88 12.38
80 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-2800 2800 0.357 1400 0.714 17 12.14 13.21 14.64
81 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-2800 2800 0.357 1400 0.714 16 11.43 12.50 13.93
82 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-2800 2800 0.357 1400 0.714 15 10.71 11.79 13.21
83 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-2800 2800 0.357 1400 0.714 14 10.00 11.07 12.50
84 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-3000 3000 0.333 1500 0.667 17 11.33 12.33 13.67
85 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-3000 3000 0.333 1500 0.667 16 10.67 11.67 13.00
86 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-3000 3000 0.333 1500 0.667 15 10.00 11.00 12.33
87 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-3000 3000 0.333 1500 0.667 14 9.33 10.33 11.67
88 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-3200 3200 0.313 1600 0.625 16 10.00 10.94 12.19
89 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-3200 3200 0.313 1600 0.625 15 9.38 10.31 11.56
90 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-3200 3200 0.313 1600 0.625 14 8.75 9.69 10.94
91 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-3300 3300 0.303 1650 0.606 16 9.70 10.61 11.82
92 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-3333 3333 0.300 1666 0.600 16 9.60 10.50 11.70
93 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-3400 3400 0.294 1700 0.588 16 9.41 10.29 11.47
94 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-3466 3466 0.288 1733 0.577 18 10.38 11.25 12.40
95 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-3466 3466 0.288 1733 0.577 17 9.81 10.67 11.83
96 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-3466 3466 0.288 1733 0.577 16 9.23 10.10 11.25
97 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-3600 3600 0.278 1800 0.556 19 10.56 11.39 12.50
98 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-3600 3600 0.278 1800 0.556 18 10.00 10.83 11.94
99 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-3600 3600 0.278 1800 0.556 17 9.44 10.28 11.39
100 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-3600 3600 0.278 1800 0.556 16 8.89 9.72 10.83
101 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-3600 3600 0.278 1800 0.556 15 8.33 9.17 10.28
102 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-3600 3600 0.278 1800 0.556 14 7.78 8.61 9.72
103 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-3733 3733 0.268 1866 0.536 17 9.11 9.91 10.98
104 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-3866 3866 0.259 1933 0.517 18 9.31 10.09 11.12
105 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-4000 4000 0.250 2000 0.500 19 9.50 10.25 11.25
106 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-4000 4000 0.250 2000 0.500 18 9.00 9.75 10.75
107 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-4000 4000 0.250 2000 0.500 17 8.50 9.25 10.25
108 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-4000 4000 0.250 2000 0.500 16 8.00 8.75 9.75
109 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-4133 4133 0.242 2066 0.484 19 9.19 9.92 10.89
110 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-4200 4200 0.238 2100 0.476 19 9.05 9.76 10.71
111 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-4266 4266 0.234 2133 0.469 19 8.91 9.61 10.55
112 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-4266 4266 0.234 2133 0.469 18 8.44 9.14 10.08
113 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-4266 4266 0.234 2133 0.469 17 7.97 8.67 9.61
114 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-4266 4266 0.234 2133 0.469 16 7.50 8.20 9.14
115 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-4400 4400 0.227 2200 0.454 19 8.64 9.32 10.23
116 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-4400 4400 0.227 2200 0.454 18 8.18 8.86 9.77
117 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-4400 4400 0.227 2200 0.454 17 7.73 8.41 9.32
118 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-4600 4600 0.217 2300 0.435 19 8.26 8.91 9.78
119 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-4600 4600 0.217 2300 0.435 18 7.82 8.48 9.35
120 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-4800 4800 0.208 2400 0.417 20 8.33 8.96 9.79
121 DDR4 SDRAM DDR4-4800 4800 0.208 2400 0.417 19 7.92 8.54 9.38
122 DDR5 SDRAM DDR5-4800 4800 0.208 2400 0.417 40 16.67 17.29 18.13
123 DDR5 SDRAM DDR5-4800 4800 0.208 2400 0.417 38 15.83 16.46 17.29
124 DDR5 SDRAM DDR5-4800 4800 0.208 2400 0.417 36 15.00 15.63 16.46
125 DDR5 SDRAM DDR5-4800 4800 0.208 2400 0.417 34 14.17 14.79 15.63
126 DDR5 SDRAM DDR5-5200 5200 0.192 2600 0.385 40 15.38 15.96 16.73
127 DDR5 SDRAM DDR5-5200 5200 0.192 2600 0.385 38 14.62 15.19 15.96
128 DDR5 SDRAM DDR5-5200 5200 0.192 2600 0.385 36 13.85 14.42 15.19
129 DDR5 SDRAM DDR5-5200 5200 0.192 2600 0.385 34 13.08 13.65 14.42
130 DDR5 SDRAM DDR5-5600 5600 0.179 2800 0.357 40 14.29 14.82 15.54
131 DDR5 SDRAM DDR5-5600 5600 0.179 2800 0.357 38 13.57 14.11 14.82
132 DDR5 SDRAM DDR5-5600 5600 0.179 2800 0.357 36 12.86 13.39 14.11
133 DDR5 SDRAM DDR5-5600 5600 0.179 2800 0.357 34 12.14 12.68 13.39
134 DDR5 SDRAM DDR5-5600 5600 0.179 2800 0.357 30 10.71 11.25 11.96
135 DDR5 SDRAM DDR5-6000 6000 0.167 3000 0.333 40 13.33 13.83 14.50
136 DDR5 SDRAM DDR5-6000 6000 0.167 3000 0.333 38 12.67 13.17 13.83
137 DDR5 SDRAM DDR5-6000 6000 0.167 3000 0.333 36 12.00 12.50 13.17
138 DDR5 SDRAM DDR5-6000 6000 0.167 3000 0.333 32 10.67 11.17 11.83
139 DDR5 SDRAM DDR5-6000 6000 0.167 3000 0.333 30 10.00 10.50 11.17
140 DDR5 SDRAM DDR5-6200 6200 0.161 3100 0.323 40 12.90 13.39 14.03
141 DDR5 SDRAM DDR5-6200 6200 0.161 3100 0.323 38 12.26 12.74 13.39
142 DDR5 SDRAM DDR5-6200 6200 0.161 3100 0.323 36 11.61 12.10 12.74
143 DDR5 SDRAM DDR5-6400 6400 0.156 3200 0.313 40 12.50 12.97 13.59
144 DDR5 SDRAM DDR5-6400 6400 0.156 3200 0.313 38 11.88 12.34 12.97
145 DDR5 SDRAM DDR5-6400 6400 0.156 3200 0.313 36 11.25 11.72 12.34
146 DDR5 SDRAM DDR5-6400 6400 0.156 3200 0.313 34 10.63 11.09 11.72
147 DDR5 SDRAM DDR5-6400 6400 0.156 3200 0.313 32 10.00 10.47 11.09
148 DDR5 SDRAM DDR5-6600 6600 0.152 3300 0.303 34 10.30 10.76 11.36

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architecture/memory.py Normal file
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# RAM clock rate and transfer rate data from Wikipedia
# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR_SDRAM
# Table data extracted with: https://wikitable2csv.ggor.de/
import numpy as np
import pandas
import matplotlib
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
plt.style.use('ggplot')
matplotlib.rcParams['font.size'] = 12
matplotlib.rcParams['font.family'] = ['Exo 2', 'sans-serif']
data = pandas.read_csv('memory.csv')
#data = data.sort_values('Memory clock (MHz)')
_types = list(data['Type'])
_transfers = list(data['Data rate (MT/s)'])
_cycle_times = list(data['Cycle time (ns)'])
_latencies = list(data['Eighth word (ns)'])
# remove redundant data
types = []
transfers = []
cycle_times = []
latencies = []
for idx, typ in enumerate(_types):
# just select the first occurence of this type
if typ in types:
continue
# filter DDR4 inferior to DDR4-3333
prefix = 'DDR4-'
if typ.startswith(prefix) and int(typ.removeprefix(prefix)) < 3333:
continue
types.append(typ)
transfers.append(_transfers[idx])
cycle_times.append(_cycle_times[idx])
latencies.append(_latencies[idx])
# transform transfers from MT/s to GB/s
transfers = np.array(transfers, dtype='float64')*8/1024
plt.figure(figsize=(8.5,7.5))
plt.title('Memory Bandwidth [GB/s] (1995-2023)')
# my laptop first
me = types.index('DDR5-5200')
plt.plot(range(len(types)), transfers, 'o')
plt.plot(me, transfers[me], 'o')
plt.xticks(range(len(types))[::3], types[::3], rotation=30, ha='right')
yticks = range(0,56)
ylabels = []
for t in yticks:
if not t%5:
ylabels.append(str(t))
else:
ylabels.append('')
plt.yticks(yticks, ylabels)
plt.tick_params(axis='y', which='both', reset=True, labelright=True, right=True)
plt.savefig('memory_bandwidth.svg')
plt.figure(figsize=(8.5,7.5))
plt.title('Memory Cycle Time [ns] (1995-2023)')
# my laptop first
me = types.index('DDR5-5200')
plt.semilogy(range(len(types)), cycle_times, 'o')
plt.semilogy(me, cycle_times[me], 'o')
plt.xticks(range(len(types))[::3], types[::3], rotation=30, ha='right')
plt.ylim(0.1, 11)
line = np.arange(0,10).astype('float64')
yticks = list(line[1:]*0.1)+list(line[1:])+list(line[1:2]*10)
ylabels = []
for value in yticks:
if value in (0.1, 0.5, 1., 1.5, 5., 10.):
ylabels.append(f'{value}')
else:
ylabels.append('')
plt.yticks(yticks, ylabels)
plt.tick_params(axis='y', which='both', reset=True, labelright=True, right=True)
plt.savefig('memory_clock.svg')
# transform transfers from MT/s to GB/s
plt.figure(figsize=(8.5,7.5))
plt.title('Memory Latency [ns] (1998-2023)')
# my laptop first
me = types.index('DDR5-5200')
mel = latencies[me]
y = latencies[2:]
x = types[2:]
plt.plot(range(len(x)), y, 'o')
plt.plot(me, mel, 'o')
plt.xticks(range(len(x))[::3], x[::3], rotation=30, ha='right')
plt.ylim(8,40)
yticks = range(8,41)
ylabels = []
for t in yticks:
if not t%5:
ylabels.append(str(t))
else:
ylabels.append('')
plt.yticks(yticks, ylabels)
plt.tick_params(axis='y', which='both', reset=True, labelright=True, right=True)
plt.savefig('memory_latency.svg')

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Teletype Model 33 paper tape,10 B/s,1963
Single Density 8-inch FM Floppy Disk Controller (160 KB),31 KB/s,1973
C2N Commodore Datasette 1530 cassette tape interface,15 B/s,1977
Apple II cassette tape interface,200 B/s,1977
TRS-80 Model 1 Level 1 BASIC cassette tape interface,32 B/s,1977
Single Density 5.25-inch FM Floppy Disk Controller (180 KB),15.5 KB/s,1978
MFM hard disk,0.625 MB/s,1980
Amstrad CPC tape,250 B/s,1984
High Density MFM Floppy Disk Controller (1.2 MB/1.44 MB),31 KB/s,1984
ATA PIO Mode 0,3.3 MB/s,1986
SCSI (Narrow SCSI) (5 MHz),5 MB/s,1986
CD Controller (1×),0.146 MB/s,1988
Serial Storage Architecture SSA,80 MB/s,1990
ATA PIO Mode 1,5.2 MB/s,1994
ATA PIO Mode 2,8.3 MB/s,1994
ATA PIO Mode 3,11.1 MB/s,1996
ATA PIO Mode 4,16.7 MB/s,1996
Fibre Channel 1GFC (1.0625 GHz),103.23 MB/s,1997
Ultra DMA ATA 33,33 MB/s,1998
Ultra DMA ATA 66,66.7 MB/s,2000
Fibre Channel 2GFC (2.125 GHz),206.5 MB/s,2001
Ultra DMA ATA 100,100 MB/s,2002
SATA revision 1.0,150 MB/s,2003
iSCSI over 10GbE,1.239 GB/s,2004
iSCSI over Fast Ethernet,11.9 MB/s,2004
iSCSI over gigabit Ethernet- jumbo frames,123.9 MB/s,2004
Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) SAS-1,300 MB/s,2004
SATA Revision 2.0,300 MB/s,2004
Fibre Channel 4GFC (4.25 GHz),413 MB/s,2004
Ultra DMA ATA 133,133 MB/s,2005
Fibre Channel 8GFC (8.50 GHz),826 MB/s,2005
iSCSI over InfiniBand 4×,4 GB/s,2007
SATA Revision 3.0,600 MB/s,2008
FCoE over 10GbE,1.206 GB/s,2009
AoE over 10GbE,1.242 GB/s,2009
AoE over Fast Ethernet,11.9 MB/s,2009
AoE over gigabit Ethernet- jumbo frames,124.2 MB/s,2009
Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) SAS-2,600 MB/s,2009
FCoE over 100G Ethernet,12.064 GB/s,2010
iSCSI over 100G Ethernet,12.392 GB/s,2010
Fibre Channel 16GFC (14.025 GHz),1.652 GB/s,2011
Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) SAS-3,1.2 GB/s,2013
SATA Express,2 GB/s,2013
NVMe over M.2 or U.2 (using PCI Express 3.0 ×4 link),3.938 GB/s,2013
Fibre Channel 32GFC (28.05 GHz),3.303 GB/s,2016
Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) SAS-4,2.4 GB/s,2017
NVMe over M.2 or U.2 (using PCI Express 4.0 ×4 link),7.876 GB/s,2017
UFS (version 3.0),2.9 GB/s,2018
NVMe over M.2- U.2- U.3 or EDSFF (using PCI Express 5.0 ×4 link),15.754 GB/s,2019
1 Teletype Model 33 paper tape 10 B/s 1963
2 Single Density 8-inch FM Floppy Disk Controller (160 KB) 31 KB/s 1973
3 C2N Commodore Datasette 1530 cassette tape interface 15 B/s 1977
4 Apple II cassette tape interface 200 B/s 1977
5 TRS-80 Model 1 Level 1 BASIC cassette tape interface 32 B/s 1977
6 Single Density 5.25-inch FM Floppy Disk Controller (180 KB) 15.5 KB/s 1978
7 MFM hard disk 0.625 MB/s 1980
8 Amstrad CPC tape 250 B/s 1984
9 High Density MFM Floppy Disk Controller (1.2 MB/1.44 MB) 31 KB/s 1984
10 ATA PIO Mode 0 3.3 MB/s 1986
11 SCSI (Narrow SCSI) (5 MHz) 5 MB/s 1986
12 CD Controller (1×) 0.146 MB/s 1988
13 Serial Storage Architecture SSA 80 MB/s 1990
14 ATA PIO Mode 1 5.2 MB/s 1994
15 ATA PIO Mode 2 8.3 MB/s 1994
16 ATA PIO Mode 3 11.1 MB/s 1996
17 ATA PIO Mode 4 16.7 MB/s 1996
18 Fibre Channel 1GFC (1.0625 GHz) 103.23 MB/s 1997
19 Ultra DMA ATA 33 33 MB/s 1998
20 Ultra DMA ATA 66 66.7 MB/s 2000
21 Fibre Channel 2GFC (2.125 GHz) 206.5 MB/s 2001
22 Ultra DMA ATA 100 100 MB/s 2002
23 SATA revision 1.0 150 MB/s 2003
24 iSCSI over 10GbE 1.239 GB/s 2004
25 iSCSI over Fast Ethernet 11.9 MB/s 2004
26 iSCSI over gigabit Ethernet- jumbo frames 123.9 MB/s 2004
27 Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) SAS-1 300 MB/s 2004
28 SATA Revision 2.0 300 MB/s 2004
29 Fibre Channel 4GFC (4.25 GHz) 413 MB/s 2004
30 Ultra DMA ATA 133 133 MB/s 2005
31 Fibre Channel 8GFC (8.50 GHz) 826 MB/s 2005
32 iSCSI over InfiniBand 4× 4 GB/s 2007
33 SATA Revision 3.0 600 MB/s 2008
34 FCoE over 10GbE 1.206 GB/s 2009
35 AoE over 10GbE 1.242 GB/s 2009
36 AoE over Fast Ethernet 11.9 MB/s 2009
37 AoE over gigabit Ethernet- jumbo frames 124.2 MB/s 2009
38 Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) SAS-2 600 MB/s 2009
39 FCoE over 100G Ethernet 12.064 GB/s 2010
40 iSCSI over 100G Ethernet 12.392 GB/s 2010
41 Fibre Channel 16GFC (14.025 GHz) 1.652 GB/s 2011
42 Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) SAS-3 1.2 GB/s 2013
43 SATA Express 2 GB/s 2013
44 NVMe over M.2 or U.2 (using PCI Express 3.0 ×4 link) 3.938 GB/s 2013
45 Fibre Channel 32GFC (28.05 GHz) 3.303 GB/s 2016
46 Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) SAS-4 2.4 GB/s 2017
47 NVMe over M.2 or U.2 (using PCI Express 4.0 ×4 link) 7.876 GB/s 2017
48 UFS (version 3.0) 2.9 GB/s 2018
49 NVMe over M.2- U.2- U.3 or EDSFF (using PCI Express 5.0 ×4 link) 15.754 GB/s 2019

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# Storage interfaces rates from
# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_interface_bit_rates#Storage
# Table data extracted with: https://wikitable2csv.ggor.de/
import numpy as np
import matplotlib
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
plt.style.use('ggplot')
matplotlib.rcParams['font.size'] = 12
matplotlib.rcParams['font.family'] = ['Exo 2', 'sans-serif']
data = open('storage.csv', 'rt')
# remove units and rescale everything to MB/s
b_to_mb = 1/(1024*1024)
kb_to_mb = 1/1024
gb_to_mb = 1024
rescaled = []
for line in data:
typ, rate, year = line.split(',')
value, unit = rate.split()
value = float(value)
if unit == 'B/s':
value = value*b_to_mb
elif unit == 'KB/s':
value = value*kb_to_mb
elif unit == 'MB/s':
pass
elif unit == 'GB/s':
value = value*gb_to_mb
else:
raise ValueError(f'Unit not understood! {unit}')
rescaled.append((int(year), value))
dtype = [('year', np.float64), ('speed', np.float64)]
rescaled = np.array(rescaled, dtype=dtype)
# sort first by year and then by value
rescaled.sort(order=['year', 'speed'])
# plot the thing
plt.figure(figsize=(8.5,7.5))
plt.semilogy(rescaled['year'], rescaled['speed'], 'o')
# my laptop here
plt.semilogy([2023], [6585], 'o')
plt.grid(None)
plt.grid(which='both', axis='y')
plt.grid(which='both', axis='x')
plt.ylim(b_to_mb, 100*gb_to_mb)
plt.xlim(1960, 2025)
years = range(1960,2026,5)
plt.xticks(years, years, rotation=45, ha='center')
plt.yticks([b_to_mb, kb_to_mb, 1, 10, 100, gb_to_mb, 10*gb_to_mb, 100*gb_to_mb],
['1 B/s', '1 KB/s', '1 MB/s', '10 MB/s', '100 MB/s', '1 GB/s', '10 GB/s', '100 GB/s'])
plt.tick_params(labeltop=False, labelright=True, top=True, right=True)
plt.title('Storage (read) speed')
plt.savefig('storage.svg')

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